Spur gearing with straight and helical toothing

The calculation is designed for geometric and strength design and check of spur gearing with straight and helical toothing (external, internal gear rack). The application provides solutions for the following tasks.

  1. Calculation of helical and straight toothing (external / internal).
  2. Automatic design of a transmission with the minimum number of input requirements.
  3. Design for entered coefficients of safety (static, dynamic).
  4. Calculation of complete geometric parameters (including corrected toothing).
  5. Optimization of toothing by use of proper correction (balancing specific slips, miminizing specific slips, strength...).
  6. Calculation of strength parameters, safety check.
  7. Design of gearing for exact axis distance.
  8. Supplementary calculations (calculation of parameters of the existing gear, temperature rise, design of shafts, check dimensions).
  9. Support of 2D and 3D CAD systems.
  10. Drawings of an accurate tooth shape including data (X,Y coordinates).
  11. Generating an accurate model in 3D.

The calculations use procedures, algorithms and data from standards ANSI, ISO, DIN, BS and specialized literature.

List of standards: ISO 6336, ISO 1328, DIN 3990, ANSI B6.1-1968, AGMA 2001-C95, AGMA 2001-D04, AGMA 908-B89/95 and others.

Hint: The comparative document Choices of transmission can be helpful when selecting a suitable transmission type.
Note: The documentation is identical for the calculation of external as well as internal toothing. Differences in the method of calculation are specified in the text.

User interface

 User interface.

 

Download

 Download.

 

Purchase, Price list

 Purchase, Price list.
 

Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control, structure and syntax of calculations".

Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be found in the document  "Information on the project".

Theory

The complete text concerning the theory can be found in Involute gearing - theory

Content:

  1. Geometry, dimensions
  2. Moment, power, forces, efficiency
  3. Planetary Gearing
  4. Spur gear - Rack
  5. Stress and safety ISO 6336:2006
  6. Stress and safety ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04

Process of calculation.

Geared transmissions can be divided into:

Power gearing - In case of gearing designed, above all, for a power transmission and transformation, it is necessary to perform a strength design/check (for example, drives of machines, industrial gearboxes, etc.).
Non-power gearing - In case of gearing with minimum transferred torsional moment with respect to the size of the gears, it is not necessary to perform any strength design/check (for example, instruments, regulation devices, etc.).

Design of power gearing.

The task of a spur gearing design cannot be solved directly and allows considerable freedom as far as options of diameter and width parameters of gears. Therefore, it is necessary to proceed iteratively and successively specify the solution and fine-tune the monitored parameters.

Quick (orientation) design:

This procedure provides a quick preview of parameters of the designed gearing. Although this designed gearing is normally usable, successive optimizing of a series of parameters may quite considerably improve the properties of the designed gearing. Proceed in the design as follows:

  1. Enter the power parameters of the gearing (transferred power, speed, desired transmission ratio). [1]
  2. Choose the material of the pinion and gear, loading conditions, operational and production parameters and coefficients of safety. [2]
  3. Use the button for "Automatic design" (choose helical or straight toothing). [2]
  4. Check the results.

Optimizing parameters:

Before optimizing parameters, first carry out the "Quick (orientation) design" described above. Then proceed as follows:

  1. In case you wish to use some non-standard parameters of the tooth profile, preset them in paragraph [3].
  2. Perform presetting of parameters of the gears (number of teeth, gear mesh angle and helix angle). [4.1,4.2,4.3]
  3. Use the slider [4.4] for setting the ratio between the width and diameter of the pinion, then press the button "Design gearing".
  4. Check dimensions of the designed gearing in the schematic illustration. In case the dimensions do not fit, modify the ratio of the width and diameter of the pinion and re-calculate the gearing [4.4].
  5. Parameters of the gearing can be further improved in paragraph [5] using changes of corrections.
  6. Check and consider (compare with the help) the dimensional and qualitative indices. [6; 7; 8]
  7. Check safety coefficients. [9, 10]

Design of gearing for exact axis distance:

The design of gearing with a given axis distance is the most frequent task when designing spur gearing. Proceed in such a design as follows:

  1. Perform a "Quick (orientation) design".
  2. Try to reasonably bring closer the desired axis distances through changes in the number of teeth, helix angle, and the pinion width and diameter ratio [4.1, 4.3, 4.4].
  3. In paragraph [14.0] perform a calculation of parameters and transfer their values to the main calculation.
  4. If necessary, check or fine-tune the distribution of corrections for individual gears. [5]
  5. Check and consider (compare with the help) the dimensional and qualitative indices. [6; 7; 8]
  6. Check safety coefficients. [9, 10]
Hint: Dimensions of the gearing can be changed considerably using a suitable change in the material (or its surface treatment).
Note: For calculation of internal toothing, the following are given with negative value:
- all wheel diameters
- all centre distances
- number of wheel teeth
Note: To calculate the gear rack parameters, the axial distance [14.0] is obtained directly by changing the correction coefficient x1 (Sum x).

Design of non-power gearing.

When designing non-power gearing, it is not necessary to solve and check any strength parameters. Directly choose, therefore, a suitable number of teeth and the module [4.1, 4.7] and check dimensions of the designed gearing.

Hint: When designing non-power gearing, choose a suitably low transferred power.

Options of basic input parameters. [1]

Enter basic input parameters of the designed gearing in this paragraph.

1.1 Transferred power.

Enter the power to the driven gear. Usual values are in the range 0.1-3000 kW / 0.14-4200 HP, in extreme cases up to 65 000 kW /100 000 HP.

1.2 Speed.

Enter the speed of the driven gear. Extreme speed can reach 150 000 rpm. The speed of the driven gear is calculated using the number of teeth of both gears.

Hint In case you need to calculate the transmission ratio and know input and output speeds, press the button to the right of the input field and perform the respective calculation in the chapter (section) of supplements.

1.3 Torsional moment.

This is the result of the calculation and cannot be entered.

Hint: In case you need to obtain the transferred power from the torsional moment and speed, press the button on the right and perform the respective calculation in the chapter of supplements.

1.4 Transmission ratio.

The optimum transmission ratio varies in the range 2-8. In extreme cases this ratio can reach up to 20. The transmission ratio can be entered in the left input field using the keyboard. The right pop-up list contains recommended values of the transmission ratio and when selecting a value from this list, the chosen value is added to the field on the left automatically.

1.5 Actual transmission ratio.

As the actual transmission ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth of both gears (integers), the actual transmission ratio will be mostly different from the desired (entered) one. The value of the "Actual transmission ratio" is displayed on the left; the percentage deviation from the desired transmission ratio is displayed on the right. This deviation for the transmission ratio should be in the range:
i = 1 to 4.5 ........... 2.5%
i is greater than 4.5... 4.0%

Hint:In case you need to design gearing with a transmission ratio as accurate as possible or need to distribute the transmission ratio among more gears in the gearbox, use "Calculation of the transmission ratio".

Options of basic input parameters - gear rack. [1]

In the calculation, it is possible to enter the tangential force, which is in principle the force of the gear rack acting on the pinion, and the velocity of the gear force movement (pinion circumferential speed). From these two values, the transmitted power and the pinion torque are calculated. As the gear rack may be used for a range of various design solutions, it is then necessary to calculate (estimate) and transfer the gearing requirements on both these values.

1.1 Tangential force, force on the gear rack

Specify the force acting on the pinion (rack load).

1.2 Peripheral speed on the pitch diameter

Specify the gear rack movement velocity.

1.3 Transferred power.

It is calculated from the transferred force and velocity.
Pw [kW] = Ft * v / 1000 

1.4 Speed (Pinion).

It is calculated from the circumferential speed and the pinion diameter.

1.5 Torsional moment (Pinion)

It is calculated from the power and speed.

Options of material, loading conditions, operational and production parameters. [2]

When designing power gearing, enter other supplementary operational and production input parameters in this paragraph. Try to be as accurate as possible when selecting and entering these parameters as each of them may dramatically affect the properties of the designed gearing.

2.2, 2.3 Material of the pinion/gear.

The option is performed, above all, according to the following aspects:

  1. Strength
  2. Price of the material and its heat treatment
  3. Workability
  4. Hardenability
  5. Degree of loading
  6. Dimensions of the gear
  7. Seriality of production

Usually the principle that the pinion has to be harder than the gear (20-60 HB) is followed, whilst the difference in hardnesses increases with increasing hardness of the gear and the transmission ratio. For quick orientation, the materials are divided into 8 groups marked with the letters A to H. Perform selection of the material in the pop-up list separately for the pinion and for the gear. In case you need more detailed information on the chosen material, proceed to the sheet "Material".

  1. Low-loaded gears, piece production, small-lot production, smaller dimensions
  2. Low-loaded gears, piece production, small-lot production, greater dimensions
  3. Medium-loaded gears, small-lot production, smaller dimensions
  4. Medium-loaded gears, small-lot production, great dimensions
  5. Considerably loaded gears, lot production, smaller dimensions
  6. Heavily-loaded gears, lot production, greater dimensions
  7. Extremely loaded gears
  8. High speed gears

Materials A,B,C and D, so-called. soft gears - The toothing is produced after heat treatment; these gears are characterized by good running-in, do not have any special requirements for accuracy or stiffness of support if at least one gear is made of the chosen material.

Materials E,F,G and H, so-called. hard gears - Higher production costs (hardening +100%, case hardening +200%, nitriding +150%). Heat treatment is performed after production of toothing. Complicated achievement of the necessary accuracy. Costly completion operations (grinding, lapping) are often necessary after heat treatment.

Own material values - In case you wish to use a material for production of toothing that is not included in the delivered table of materials, it is necessary to enter some data on this material. Proceed to the sheet "Materials". The first 5 rows in the table of materials are reserved for definition of your own materials. Enter the name of the material in the column designed for names of materials (it will be displayed in the selection sheet) and fill in successively all parameters in the row (white fields). After filling in the fields, go back to the sheet "Calculation", choose the newly defined material and continue in the calculation.

Tip: In paragraph [19.0] you can simply define your own material (ISO 6336-5:2006 / ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04) and add it to the table of materials.
Warning: The material table includes options for the used materials. As the strength values of the material depend very much on the semi-product dimensions, the method of heat treatment and particularly the supplier, it is necessary to consider the values in the material table as orientation ones. It is recommended to consult the particular and accurate values with your technologist and supplier or take them from particular material sheets.

2.4 Loading of the gearbox, driving machine - examples.

Setting of these coefficients substantially affects the calculation of safety coefficients. Therefore, try to enter as accurate a specification as possible when selecting the type of loading. Examples of driving machines:

  1. Continuous: electric motor, steam turbine, gas turbine
  2. With light shocks: hydraulic motor, steam turbine, gas turbine
  3. With medium shocks: multi-cylinder internal combustion engine
  4. With heavy shocks: single-cylinder internal combustion engine

2.5 Loading of gearbox, driven machine - examples:

Setting these parameters substantially affects the calculation of safety coefficients. Therefore, try to enter as accurate a specification as possible when selecting the type of loading. Examples of driven machines:

  1. Continuous: generator, conveyor (belt, plate, worm), light lift, gearing of a machine tool traverse, fan, turbocharger, turbo compressor, mixer for materials with a constant density
  2. With light shocks: generator, gear pump, rotary pump
  3. With medium shocks: main drive of a machine tool, heavy lift, crane swivel, mine fan, mixer for materials with variable density, multi-cylinder piston pump, feed pump
  4. With big shocks: press, shears, rubber calendar, rolling mill, vane excavator, heavy centrifuge, heavy feeding pump, drilling set, briquetting press, kneading machine

2.6 Type of gearing mounting.

Setting this parameter affects the calculation of the safety coefficient. The type of support defines the coefficient of unevenness of the loading caused, above all, by deflections of the shafts. Choose the type of support according to the following definition and illustration.

  1. Double-sided symmetrically supported gearing: This is gearing whose gears are mounted symmetrically between the bearings. (the distances between the bearings and edges of the gears are the same)
  2. Double-sided non-symmetrically supported gearing: This is gearing whose gears are mounted non-symmetrically between the bearings. (the distances between the bearings and edges of the gears are different). In case one gear or pinion is supported non-symmetrically only, choose support A-Type2.
  3. Overhung gearing: This is gearing whose gears are overhung. The shaft is fixed (built-in) on one side of the gear only

Type1:Rigid box, rigid shafts, robust, roller or tapered roller bearings.
Type2:Less rigid box, longer shafts, ball bearings.

Caution: The internal toothing will be solved in most cases as Overhung gearing.

2.7 Accuracy grade.

When choosing the degree of accuracy of the designed gearing, it is necessary to take into account the operating conditions, functionality and production feasibility. The design should be based on:

The accuracy of toothing is chosen to the necessary extent only, because achievement of a high degree of accuracy is costly, difficult and conditioned by higher demands for technological equipment.

Table of surface roughness and maximum peripheral speed
Degree of accuracy
ISO 1328, ANSI/AGMA 2015
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Degree of accuracy
AGMA
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5
Max. surface roughness Ra max [nm] 0.1-0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 1.6 3.2 6.3 12.5 25
Max. peripheral speed [m/s] straight teeth 80 60 35 15 8 5 3 3 3
Max. peripheral speed [m/s] helical teeth 100 80 50 30 12 8 5 3 3

Orientation values for options of the degree of accuracy according to the specification.

Specification

Degree of accuracy

ISO 1328

ANSI/AGMA 2015

Degree of accuracy

AGMA 2000-A88

Control gears 2 - 4 13-12
Measuring instruments 3 - 6 13-10
Turbine reducers 3 - 5 13-11
Aviation reducers 3 - 6 13-10
Machine tools 3 - 7 13-9
Aviation engines 5 - 6 11-10
High speed gearboxes 5 - 6 11-10
Passenger cars 6 - 7 10-9
Industrial gearboxes 7 - 8 9-8
Light ship engines 7 9
Rolling mills, locomotives 8 - 9 8-7
Heavy ship engines, tractors 8 - 9 8-7
Building and agricultural machines 8 - 10 8-6
Textile machines 7 - 9 9-7

2.8 Coefficient of one-off overloading.

The coefficient gives the ratio between the maximum (start-up) and nominal torque of the driving machine. The coefficient substantially affects the calculation of the safety coefficient with one-off overloading (start-up) of the gearing. The coefficient can be found in the catalogue of the producer of the driving unit.

Recommended values:

Three-phase asynchronous electric motor ... 2-3

2.9 Desired service life.

The parameter specifies the desired service life in hours. Orientation values in hours are given in the table.

Specification

Durability
Household machines, seldom used devices 2000
Electric hand tools, machines for short-term runs 5000
Machines for 8-hour operation 20000
Machines for 16-hour operation 40000
Machines for continuous operation 80000
Machines for continuous operation with log service life 150000

2.9 Number of cycles (Gear rack).

Enter the number of tooth load cycles for the pinion and the gear rack.

2.10 Coefficient of safety (contact/bend).

The recommended values of the safety coefficient vary within the range:

Hint: Use recommendations in the help to estimate the safety coefficient.

2.11 Automatic design.

Decide whether you wish to design straight or helical toothing. The following recommendations can be used for your option:

With the "Automatic design" the setting of parameters of the gearing is based on the entered power and operational parameters [1.0; 2.0] and on generally applicable recommendations. Manual optimizing can mostly provide toothing with better parameters (weight, dimensions) or enable modifications of the dimensions based on your own constructional requirements.

Warning: "Automatic design" can modify the parameters which were modified already in other paragraphs. Therefore, use the "Automatic design", above all, for preliminary determination of gearing parameters.

Parameters of the tooth profile. [3]

Set the parameters of machining tool and tooth tip relief in this paragraph. The parameters affect most of dimensions of the toothing, tooth shape and the following strength parameters, stiffness, durability, noise, efficiency and others. If you don't know the acurate parameters of the production tool, use the standardized type from the list box on line [3.1], namely:

1. DIN 867 (a=20deg, ha0=1.25, hf0=1.0, ra0=0.38, d0=0, anp=0deg, ca=0.25) for calculation in SI units and
3. ANSI B6.1 (a=20deg, ha0=1.25, hf0=1.0, ra0=0.3, d0=0deg, anp=0, ca=0.35) for calculation in inches.

External toothing.

You can define two types of the tool in the form, with protuberance (A) and without protuberance (B). If you define a tool without protuberance, set the protuberance dimension d0=0. Set the tool dimensions according to the dimensions in the picture in the modulus multiples "value"x"modulus" (calculation in SI units) or as a quotient of "value"/"Diametral Pitch" (inch calculation). Choose a pressure angle in paragraph [4]. The base of tooth can be either bevelled or rounded. Therefore choose only one way.

The diagram shows the shape of a tool tooth for wheel/pinion. If you change tool dimensions, press the respective button which will provide redrawing in accordance with the current set values.

An accurate shape of tooth and toothed wheel, check of interferences, etc. is described in the paragraph dealing with graphic output and CAD systems.

Internal toothing.

Internal toothing is made, in overwhelming majority of cases, by cutting using a circular tool. For the purposes of this calculation we will consider a tool with basic parameters identical with the designed toothing (an0=an, b0=b, mn0=mn). However, angle b cannot be chosen at random when manufacturing the internal toothing, as it is necessary to proceed from the properties of the machine tool and available tools and it is appropriate to consult this selection with a technologist.

You can see an example of such tool in the picture. The current status of tool sharpening equates its unit correction x0. Resharpening of the tool results in the change of correction and subsequently in the change of tool hub diameter. If the value for correction x0 is unknown, just measure the current hub diameter and use the change of correction x0 [3.13] to adjust the hub diameter da0 [3.14] to a required value.

Gear rack

Due to the manufacturing method and the gear rack geometry, in this case the tool is an exact negative of the machined gearing (straight teeth). For the helical teething, the tool is an exact negative of the machined gearing in a normal section.

3.11 Unit tooth tip relief.

Unit tooth tip relief "ca" affects the diameter of addendum circle. Normally ca=0.25 is chosen which guarantees preventing interference for normally used corrections. If the accurate tool parameters are known, it is possible to choose smaller c*, namely 0.15 to 0.1, and thus achieve increase of profile bite coefficient. Interference can and should be checked on a detailed drawing, see the paragraph dealing with graphic output and CAD systems. Line [3.10] gives minimum tooth tip relief which can be achieved using the selected tool. The selection of smaller tool tip relief is indicated by red colour of input field. Button "<" will transfer the minimum value into the input field. Minimum unit tooth tip relief can be reduced by increasing the height of the tool base.

Design of a module and geometry of toothing. [4]

The geometry of the gearing can be designed in this paragraph. The design of the geometry substantially affects a number of other parameters such as functionality, safety, durability or price.

4.1 Number of teeth.

Enter the number of teeth of the pinion. Additional calculation of the number of teeth of the gear is based on the desired transmission ratio. Determination of the optimal number of teeth is not an unambiguous task and cannot be solved directly. Numbers of teeth affect mesh conditions, noise, efficiency and production costs. Therefore, the number of teeth is chosen and specified according to qualitative and strength indices

A generally applicable rule states that increasing the number of teeth (with the same axis distance) leads to:

Recommended values:

A) For both gears annealed normalizationally/improved by heat - soft gears

B) For a hardened pinion and non-hardened gear (or both gears nitrided)

C) Both gears surface hardened

The rule is that higher numbers of teeth are chosen for higher output powers and lower transmission ratios.
The red highlighted text indicates commensurable numbers of teeth, which should be avoided.

Hint: In case you know numbers of teeth of the pinion and gear and need to also calculate the transmission ration, press the button to the right of the input field and perform the respective calculation in the chapter of supplements.

4.2 Normal pressure angle.

This angle determines parameters of the basic profile and is standardized to an angle of 20°. Changes in the pressure angle a/F affect functional and strength properties. Changes in the meshing angle, however, require non-standard production tools. In case there is no special need to use another meshing angle, use the value of 20°.

The letter "X" marks the basic circle.


Increasing the meshing angle allows:

Option of values

Recommended values:

In case you do not have any special requirements for the designed gearing, it is recommended to use 20°.

4.3 Base helix angle.

Toothing with the slope of teeth = 0 (straight toothing) is used with slow speed and highly loaded gearing. With high speed gearing, where catching of axial forces could be difficult and where increased noise does not cause any problems.
Toothing with the slope of teeth > 0 (helical toothing) is used with high speed gearing; it is characterized by lower noise and higher loading capacity, enabling the use of a lower number of teeth without undercutting.

Recommended values

The angle beta is chosen from the sequence 6,8,10,12,15,20 degrees (Fig. A). In case of a double or herringbone gear (Fig. B), values 25,30,35,40 degrees can also be used.

Note: When manufacturing internal toothing, it is not possible to choose randomly Angle b. It is necessary to proceed from the properties of the machine tool and available tools and it is appropriate to consult the selection with a technologist.

4.4 Setting of the ratio of the width of the pinion to its diameter.

Using the slider, perform setting of a value of the dimensionless coefficient, which specifies the ratio between the pinion width and diameter [4.5].

4.5 The ratio of the pinion width to its diameter.

This parameter can be used to design dimensions of the module, thereby basic geometric parameters of the gear (width, diameter). The recommended maximum value is given in the right column and depends on the chosen material of the gears, their support and transmission ratio of the gearing. Setting this parameter can be done using the slider in row [4.4]. After setting this parameter press the button "Design of toothing". This procedure enables you to design meeting of desired safety level [2.9] and other input parameter requirements.

After processing the "Design of toothing" check the dimensions (widths and diameters of the gears, weight). In case the result is not satisfactory, modify the parameter of the ratio pinion width vs. diameter [4.4, 4.5] and repeat the "Design of toothing".

Recommended values:

Lower values - design of a narrower gear, larger module, straight toothing
Higher values - design of a wider gear, smaller module, helical toothing

Note: Exceeding the recommended range is indicated by a change in the color of the number. It is possible to use lower values than recommended ones without any problems. Higher values than recommended ones should be consulted with a specialist.
Tip1:In case you cannot approximate the desired dimensions of the gearing by changing this parameter, try to modify the number of teeth of the pinion, the helix angle or choose another material.

4.6 Toothing module / Diametral Pitch.

This is the most important parameter, which determines the size of the tooth and thereby the gearing itself. It is generally applicable that for a higher number of teeth it is possible to use a smaller module (higher value P with a calculation in imperial units) and vice versa. The right pop-up list includes standardized values of the module / (Diametral Pitch with a calculation in imperial units) and in case of a selection from this list, the chosen value is added to the field on the left automatically.

Design of correct dimensions of the module is quite a complex task. Therefore, it is recommended to use a procedure for the design of toothing based on the ratio of the width of the pinion to its diameter [4.5].

Tip: Using the "Exact mn" button, the exact module value is calculated (DP for "inch" version of calculation) out of the normalized series that suits the exactly specified requested safety. The knowledge of the exact module size may help you to optimize the gearing.

4.9 Width of the pinion / gear.

Width of toothing b of individual gears is measured on a pitch cylinder. Width of toothing of the pinion is usually greater than the width of the gear by the size of one module.

Recommended values:

These values depend on the chosen material and the type of gearing [2.1,2.2,2.5]. The recommended range of values is given in the previous row.

4.10 Working face width.

This is a common width of both gears on rolling cylinders. If the gears are not in offset positions (Fig. 4.1), it is mostly the width of the gear. This width is used for strength checks of toothing.
In case the check box in this row is enabled, the "Working width of toothing" is filled out automatically with the lower value of the width of toothing from the previous row [4.9]

4.11 Ratio of the width of the pinion to its diameter.

This parameter gives the ratio between the entered width of the pinion and its calculated pitch diameter. The maximum value is given in the green field on the right.

4.13 Approximate weight of the gearing.

This is calculated as the weight of full cylinders (without weight removal and holes). It serves for quick orientation during the design. In paragraph [8.0], it is possible to refine the calculation of weight.

Note: For internal toothing, the weight of wheel is counted as a tube with thickness equal to tooth depth.

4.14 Minimum coefficient of safety.

The row always gives the lower of the coefficients for the pinion and the gear. The first column contains the coefficient of safety for the contact fatigue; the second column then contains coefficients of safety nand fatigue in bend.

4.15 Normal backlash.

This is the perpendicular (shortest) distance between non-working sides of teeth. A backlash is necessary to create a continuous layer of lubricant on sides of teeth and to overcome production inaccuracies, deformations and thermal expansion of individual elements of the mechanism. Very small clearances are required in gearing of control systems and instruments and if it is not possible to eliminate it, gearing with automatic take up of backlash is usually used. Great backlash must be chosen with heavily loaded gearing (thermal expansion) and high-speed gearing (hydraulic resistance and shocks with pushing of oil off the inter-tooth gaps.

Recommended values:

In practice, the recommended values are chosen empirically and you can follow the recommended values in row [4.16].

After entering the backlash, the working axis distance [6.10] is modified so that the entered backlash is created. On the other hand, in the course of calculation of toothing for an exact axis distance [14] the toothing is corrected [5.6] so that the entered backlash is achieved.

Correction of toothing. [5]

Option of coefficients of shifts x1 and x2 is the basic task when designing gearing, above all, in case of gears with straight teeth. The shift affects geometric and kinematic and strength characteristics as well. When designing corrections, first it is necessary to fulfill functional requirements and then optimize the corrections to improve some of the other parameters of the gearing.

Note: To calculate the gear rack, it is possible to change only the pinion coefficient of shift x1. The selection of x2 <> 0 has no meaning in this case.

Principle of corrections, use of corrections.

Approaching and withdrawal of the production tool from the gear center changes the shapes and therefore also properties of the involute toothing. This creates corrected toothing. The illustration shows:

  1. Production tool
  2. Produced gear

Correction of toothing enables:

Example of a tooth profile (z=10, a=20;b=0), where at X=0 the teeth are undercut and the value x=0.7 causes sharpness of teeth.

Hint: It is recommended to look for more detailed information on possibilities and methods of corrections in specialized literature.

Recommended values - optimization.

When determining values of corrections, first it is necessary to fulfill functional requirements for toothing, where the most important items include

After securing function requirements, it is possible to further optimize corrections in order to improve one or more important toothing parameters. From the frequently used optimizing methods, it is possible to optimize the toothing in order to balance specific slips [5.10, 5.11] and minimize specific slips [5.12]. For other optimizing processes there is a wide range of recommendations in professional literature, namely the so-called diagrams (charts) of limit corrections, providing a clear view of possibilities and selection of corrections.

Example of tables of maximum values of corrections for the coefficient ea=1.2 (for higher values ea use lower values x1 a x2). The columns contain numbers of teeth of the gear; the rows contain numbers of teeth of the pinion. The upper half of the table contains recommended corrections of the pinion; the lower half contains recommended values of the gear.

Requirement of high contact loading capacity
Requirement of high bending loading capacity

Requirement of high resistance against wear (balancing of specific slips)

Note: It is advisable to reduce values x1 and x2 from extreme values given in the tables to improve smoothness of the gear meshing.
Hint: It is recommended to look for more detailed information on the recommended values of corrections in specialized literature.

Illustrations in the calculation.

The left illustration shows important diameters of the pinion and gear in the mesh, where:

The illustration on the right shows shapes of the pinion (blue) and the tooth (black).

Warning: The shape of the tooth is given only for the involute range (from the base diameter up to the tip diameter).

In the picture of the shape of tooth and tool, you can check tooth shape and tool bite visually. The accurate tooth shape is black, while the accurate shape of machining tool is green. You can switch between the picture of pinion tooth and wheel tooth and set the orientation of the tool in bite in line [5.15].

Note: The gear rack calculation includes only the pinion corrections.

5.2 Permissible undercutting of teeth.

In practice, a slight undercutting of teeth is acceptable. The given value is the minimum (limit) value which leads to a slight undercutting of teeth. The value of the correction should not be lower except in some special cases.

This is the minimum value of a correction which can be used without admissible (minor, tolerable) undercutting of teeth.

5.3 Preventing undercutting of teeth.

This is the minimum value of a correction which can be used without undercutting of teeth.

5.4 Prevents tapering of teeth.

This is the minimum value of a correction which can be used without tapering of teeth.

5.5 Setting of the addendum modification coefficient of the pinion.

This slider is designed to quickly change distribution of corrections. In case the check box to the right of the slider is enabled, slider movements control distribution of the sum of corrections [5.6] to individual gears. It is advisable to use this function at the moment when you wish to optimize some of the qualitative or strength parameters of the gear, the most important of which are given in rows [5.8-5.14].

Note: The gear rack calculation includes only the pinion corrections.

5.6 Addendum modification coefficients of the pinion and gear.

Here the distribution of the total correction to the pinion and gear is given. In case you wish to enter addendum modification coefficients of the pinion using the keyboard, disable the checkbox in row [5.5].

Note: For internal toothing, this line also contains a minimum value of correction x1 which ensures the existence of toothing. Value x1 must not be smaller in any case!

5.7 Sum of addendum modification coefficients (min. value).

The column on the left includes the input field for entering sums of addendum modification coefficients; this field is subdivided into individual gears. The right column includes the minimum value resulting from the condition of the limit pressure angle. (The sum of addendum modification coefficients must always be higher).

Qualitative indices.

After a change in corrections, it is advisable to watch the behavior of these indices. Exceeding critical values is indicated by a change in the number.

5.8 Total contact ratio.

Detailed description [8.1] a [8.2]

5.9 Unit tooth thickness on the tip diameter.

This is a dimensionless parameter (proportion of the tooth thickness and the module) and depends, above all, on the tooth shape. The following parameters also have certain effects:

Recommended values

Usually it is 0.25 - 0.4. Higher for low values of the addendum modification coefficients and hardened gears. A smaller value than the recommended is indicated by a red text, exceeding the limit of tooth sharpness by a red field.

5.10, 5.11 Value of specific slip on the base/hub.

One of the most frequent optimizing tasks applies to finding such corrections x1 and x2 in order to balance specific slips on hubs / bases of wheel and pinion. The principle is described in professional literature. This calculation specifies the value of specific slip on the base (hub) of pinion (wheel) in lines [5.10] and [5.11]. By sliding the slider in line [5.5] and changing the value of correction x1 and x2 that way, you can easily find the values of corrections in order to achieve approximately the same values of specific slips in lines [5.10] and [5.11].

This optimization method is applicable for the wheels with approximately the same number of teeth and manufactured from the same material. If the number of teeth varies, the pinion teeth engage more frequently than the wheel teeth and in the case of balanced specific slips the base of the pinion tends to pitting.

5.12 Sum of all specific slips.

Therefore the correction in order to achieve minimum sum of absolute values of all specific slips may then be more appropriate than the correction in order to balance specific slips [5.10, 5.11]. In such case it is also advantageous that the transmission efficiency increases (losses due to friction are reduced).

5.13, 5.14 Coefficients of safety from fatigue in touch and bend.

Detailed information [10].

5.15 Display of tooth and tool orientation for.

In this line, choose whether a detailed profile of the pinion or wheel tooth shall be displayed and use the slider to set orientation of the tool in bite.

Basic dimensions of gearing. [6]

This paragraph includes a well-arranged listing of all basic dimensional parameters of toothing. An informational illustration of the most important dimensional parameters is given here. It is recommended to use specialized literature for a more detailed description of individual parameters.

Specification of dimensions according to ISO (DIN)

Specification of dimensions according to ANSI (AGMA)

6.29 Unit tooth thickness on the tip diameter

This is a dimensionless parameter (proportion of the tooth thickness and the module) and depends, above all, on the tooth shape. The following parameters also have certain effects:

- higher number of teeth [4.1] = greater sa*
- lower addendum modification coefficient [5.4] = greater sa*
- smaller meshing angle [4.2] = greater sa*
- greater helix angle [4.3] = greater sa*
- higher addendum coefficient [3.1]= smaller sa*

Recommended values
Usually it is 0.25 - 0.4. Higher for low values of the addendum modification coefficients and hardened gears. A smaller value than the recommended is indicated by a red text, exceeding the limit of tooth sharpness by a red field.

6.33 Obtaining the required diameter of the head circle by changing the head backlash ca* [3.11]

In practice, it is sometimes achieve certain exact values of the head circle. If the original gearing dimensions should be maintained, it is possible to slightly change the head circle diameter by changing the tooth tip backlash ca* in the section [3.11]. The following three lines are used to simplify this calculation. On the second line, the possible range of the head circle diameters are mentioned. Enter the required diameter on the third line. Press the "->ca1" ("->ca2") button to change the tooth tip backlash of the pinion (wheel).

Caution: If the required diameter is out of the range (red number), the calculation will not be started.
Note: In the gear rack calculation, the tooth tip backlash ca* of the rack may be used to modify the tooth tip height ha2.

Supplemental parameters of gearing. [7]

This paragraph includes the minimum numbers of teeth which can be used with zero correction without undercutting or tapering of teeth.

Qualitative indices of gearing. [8]

This includes the parameters which inform us of the quality of the designed toothing. It is advisable to compare them with the recommended values.

8.1 Transverse contact ratio | overlap ratio.

For smooth meshing of gears, it is necessary that the other pair of teeth enters in meshing before the first pair is released. The contact ratio in the face plane says how many teeth are in meshing simultaneously. With the value ea=1 this corresponds to a limit case when only one pair of teeth is in meshing at the given moment. With the value ea=2, there are two teeth in meshing simultaneously. In case the value is between 1< ea<2, the meshing will include partly one pair of teeth and partly two pairs. The parameter depends on a number of effects. (increases with the number of teeth, decreases with the pressure angle at the pitch cylinder aw). The transverse overlap ratio is applicable in the case of helical gearing (angle b>0) and then the meshing angle is evaluated eg [8.2](sum ea a eb).

Recommended value:

According to the complexity of the gearing, this parameter should not be lower than 1.1 to 1.2.

8.2 Total contact ratio.

This is the sum of transverse contact and overlap ratios.

Recommended value:

This is specified using the same recommendations as ea in case of spur gearing. This means that eg must always be higher than 1.2.

8.3 Wheel dimension specifications

Lines [8.7 - 8.10] enable more precise specification of the dimensions of individual wheels. After checking the box on the line [8.7], you can specify relevant dimensions according to the headline of this section. Press the "<=" button [8.7] to fill in the pre-selected values.

The shape of individual wheels is displayed acc. To the specification. If no inner wheel dimensions are specified, the wheels are considered as solid cylinders in the calculation.

Using the "Automatic design " [2.10], gearing design [4.4] and the exact mn calculation [4.6] will cancel the wheel specification and the solid cylinders will be used instead.

Note: In most cases the normal calculation will only require to specify wheels as solid cylinders. The exact specification should be used in case the speed is closed to the critical speed and/or for the final check of your design.

8.4 Minimum shaft diameter

It is estimated based on the transferred power, way of loading and the pinion material. This is used only for reference when designing the wheel dimensions.

8.5 Minimum outer hub diameter

A reference value derived from the minimum diameter of the shaft.

8.9 Coefficient of gear unloading.

This parameter gives the ratio between the root diameter and the inner diameter of the toothed rim di/df (Pic. 8.3). It is characterized with values in a range from 0 to 100%. In case the evaluated gear will be produced as a solid disc (without weight reduction), the parameter = 0. This parameter affects calculations of critical speed of the gearing.

Warning: For internal toothing the parameter expresses the thickness of toothed rim x as a multiple of tooth depth.
Note: Gear rack – there is no exact method to determine the critical speed when using the gear rack. For a rough estimate, a calculation of two toothed wheels may be used (the gear rack is substituted by a toothed wheel). For a light rack that is not connected to the structure, use the coefficient sR/h=1; if the rack is connected to the structure, use the value of 20.

8.13 Approximate weight of the gearing.

It is calculated as a sum of individual cylindrical parts (ring gear, stem and hub). If the relief coefficient di/df = 0, the wheel weight is calculated as the weight of the solid cylinder (which is sufficient in most cases). This is used for a quick reference in the design.

Note: In case of internal toothing, the wheel weight is calculated as a pipe with the wall thickness identical to the tooth height.

8.18 Peripheral speed on the pitch diameter.

This is another important qualitative parameter which affects the desired accuracy of the gearing [2.6] and the manner of lubrication (Lubrication of gears). The maximum recommended speed for the chosen degree of accuracy is shown in the green cell on the right.

8.20 Resonance speed.

This is the speed at which the angle speed is the same as the proper angle vibration frequency of the gearing.This causes undesired resonance effects.

8.21 Resonance ratio.

This is the ratio of pinion speed and "Critical speed".

In case the designed gearing works in the range of critical speed (N ~ 1), the resonance ratio N is indicated by a red number. In such cases, modifications of the designed gearing (changes of numbers of teeth) or consultations with a specialist are recommended.

8.23 Efficiency of the gearing.

Exact determination of the loss coefficient is very difficult. Therefore, the approximate calculation based on the number of teeth, contact ratio, angle beta and coefficient of friction is used here. The choice of the coefficient of friction is based on the chosen degree of accuracy of the toothing [2.6], in a range from 0.04 to 0.08

Coefficients for safety calculation. [9]

The calculation of coefficients / factors in compliance with ISO6336:2006 or AGMA 2001-D04, AGMA 908-B89/95. The details are described in the theoretical part; the list of standards and literature used are mentioned at the end of this help.

Note: Most coefficients id are calculated additionally and retrieved using the information defined in paragraphs [1,2,4 and 5] so that no unnecessary questions are asked of the user which he cannot answer. In case you are an expert in the field of strength checks of gears, you can directly overwrite the formulas for determination of individual coefficients with your own numerical values.
Hint: A detailed description of functions of individual coefficients, the method of their calculation and limitation can be found in the respective standard ISO/AGMA or in specialized literature.

ISO6336:2006

9.1 Setting the parameters for calculation.

In this part, the calculation method of some coefficient should be specified. After pressing the button, the default values are set based on the requirements mentioned in the paragraph [2.0]

9.2 Dynamic factor KV (max. value).

There are three calculation methods available - (B2006), (C2006), and (C1996).

The method B is suitable for all the types of spur gears. It is relatively complicated and may give completely unrealistic KV values, if the materials or the degree of accuracy are not properly selected. Therefore it is possible to set the maximum limit for the calculation (pre-set to 5.0). If this limit is exceeded, it is recommended to check the selected material and the degree of accuracy in proportion to the gearing load. The method C may be used with some limitations (see the theoretical part).

9.3 Face load factor contact stress KHb (max. value).

There are three calculation methods of KHb available:

Calculation according to ISO6336-1(2006)

It depends on a range of factors, firstly on the specific dimensions and the design of the gearing (see the theoretical part). It is possible to set all these parameters in details in the paragraph [18.0]. If the input parameters are not selected properly, the KHb values may be unrealistic. Therefore it is possible to see the maximum limit of KHb (pre-set to 5.0). If this limit is exceeded, it is recommended to check the inputs parameters, see the paragraph [18.0].

Press the "=>" button to move to the KHb calculation.

9.4 Reversals of the load (factor YA)

According to the ISO 6336-5 standard, it is recommended to reduce the value sFlim by a coefficient of 0.7 in case of a full reversal (idle wheel, planet wheel, and gear rack). In case of a lower number of reversals, a different coefficient may be specified based on a number of reversals during the expected operating period of the toothed wheel. Select a value that corresponds to your design from the drop-down list.

9.5 Calculation of "Work hardening factor ZW".

By selecting "Automatic" one can choose a coefficient calculation method based on the selected materials. If required, you can select the calculation method directly from the list.

9.6 Tooth profile modification (KHa, KHb).

If you select an optimum modification of the tooth profile with respect to the tooth deflection due to an immediate load level, select "Optimum profile modification". Selection of this parameter influences the calculation method of the coefficients KHa and KHb.

9.7 Lubricant factor (ZL).

Use the drop-down menu to choose the type of oil. For less stressed gearings, you can use mineral oil; for higher speeds, higher transmitted power and higher efficiency requirements, it is more appropriate to use synthetic oil.

Some advantages of synthetic oils
- Reduction of total losses of 30% and more
- Reduction in oil working temperature
- Increasing the interval for oil replacement by 3-5x (reduction in maintenance costs)

On the other hand, the price is higher, there may be problems with plastic or rubber parts, and the mixing with mineral oil is limited.

9.8 Used / Recomended lubricant viscosity (ZL)

The recommended viscosity is chosen based on the hardness of the wheel material and the circumferential velocity. If the recommended value is not suitable, check the radio button and enter your own value.

9.9, 9.10 Tooth roughness (ZR), Roughness in the tooth root fillets (YR)

If the first item in the "Automatic" list is selected, the applied surface roughness will be derived from the selected degree of accuracy. However, a different value may be set, if it is known.

9.31, 9.45 Life factor for contact (bending) stress YNT, ZNT.

It considers a higher capacity for a limited number of load cycles. The coefficient is derived from interpolations of relevant damage line (ISO6336, AGMA 2001-D04). For the number of cycles N = 1010 (marked as ∞), the coefficient value is selected in the range of 0.85 to 1.00. The value of 0.85 is intended for the critical operation whereas the value of 1.00 may be used when the optimum lubrication, material, production and experience are ensured.

9.47 Stress correction factor for gears with notches in fillets (YSg).

The toothed wheel notch (e.g. ground notch in the tooth root transition near the critical cross-section) usually increase the stress concentration caused by the root transition; therefore the stress concentration coefficient is higher accordingly. If the notch is located near the critical cross-section, the coefficient YSg is used instead of YS.

If the radio button is checked, the YS value is substituted by the YSg value. The YSg coefficient values are calculated in the paragraph [18.0] that can be accessed by pressing the "=>" button.

ANSI/AGMA 2001--D04

9.1 Setting the parameters for calculation.

In this section, the calculation method of certain coefficients should be specified. When pressing the button, the default values are set based on the requirements in the paragraph [2.0].

9.4 Reversals of the load (factor Ka)

In compliance with ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04 it is recommended to reduce the value sat by a coefficient of 0.7 in case of a full reversal (idle wheel, planet wheel). In case of a lower number of reversals, a different coefficient may be specified based on a number of reversals during the expected operating period of the toothed wheel. Select a value that corresponds to your design from the drop-down list.

9.19, (9.26) Life factor for contact (bending) stress YN, ZN.

According to AGMA 2001-D04, YN=0.9 and ZN=0.85 is selected for the number of cycles N=1010 and for a normal use. Use the values of YN=0.8 and ZN=0.68 for the critical applications.

Stress and safety coefficients. [10]

This paragraph contains all the stress values (bend, contact) necessary for the safety coefficient calculations.

Two basic strength calculations are usually carried out, namely for bend and for contact. The following safety coefficients are calculated in this calculation:

As initial values of the safety coefficient you can use:

Safety coefficients can then be modified according to general recommendations for options of safety coefficients and according to your own experience.

10.5 Variability coefficient for calculation of probability of a failure.

The variability coefficient is used for calculations of probability of a failure and depends on the technology of production of materials, semi-products and products. For orientation, it is possible to choose a coefficient in a range from 0.04 to 0.1 for contact and from 0.08 to 0.12 for bend. (Higher quality of production = lower values).

10.6 Probability of a failure.

This is calculated additionally after pressing the button "Calc". This parameter gives the probability of a failure in the gearing. It is based on the diagram (see the illustration). Probability of a failure is a function of the level of safety Smin [10.1, 10.2] and the variability coefficient Vs [10.5].

In case of common gearing, the calculation probability of a failure should be about 1%, in case of important gearing, the value should be under 0.1 to 0.01% (even less for very important gearing).

Check dimensions of gearing. ISO 1328 system of accuracy (ANSI/AGMA 2015).  [11]

This paragraph contains the toothing check dimensions, correction setting to obtain these dimensions, and tolerances in accordance with ISO 1328 / ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01, 2015-2-A06.

11.1 Check dimensions of gearing

This paragraph specifies two basic check dimensions of toothing. They are the dimension across the teeth W [11.4] and dimension across the rolls and balls M [11.7]. After checking the check box to the right of the value of number of teeth that the measurement applies to [11.3] and the diameter of roll/ball [11.6] you can set your own values. Other check dimensions required for production of toothing are tied to fitting of toothed wheels and manufacturing method and therefore close cooperation of a designer and a technologist is appropriate.

11.8 Obtaining the required W and M values by changing the x1 and SumX corrections

If you try to find the parameters of an unknown wheel, it is possible to use this tool. Measure the relevant check dimension on the wheel, enter it in the respective input field and the calculation will modify the correction x1 (SumX) so that the calculated W or M dimension agrees with the measured value.

Caution: If the required dimension is out of range (red number), the calculation will not be started.

11.13 Cylindrical gears - ISO system of accuracy - Part 1: Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth

11.13 ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01. Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears

This part contains a complete calculation of tolerances in accordance with ISO 1328 (ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01). The tolerance calculation is linked with the main calculation and the tolerances are calculated for a current accuracy, module, diameters and the width of the wheels. The tolerances are then used for the safety coefficient calculations.

If you need to calculate the tolerances for different toothing diameters independent on the actual calculation, check the radio button on the line [11.14]. The colour of the input boxes [11.15, 11.16, and 11.17] will change to white and you can enter your own values of the toothing dimensions.

Caution: Remember to check the button on the line [11.14] to connect back to the main calculation.
Caution: When calculating the tolerances for the gear rack, a reference diameter identical to the pinion is considered. (Tolerance values influence calculations of KHbeta, KV, KHalfa, and Kfalfa.)

Possible Range of input values ISO 1328 - Part 1:

Accuracy grades Q(A): 0-12
Modul mn: 0.5 mn 70
Diameter d: 5 ≤ d 10000
Facewidth b: 4 1000

Possible Range of input values ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01:

Accuracy grades A2 through A11
0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50
5 ≤ z ≤ 1000 or 10000/mn whichever is less
5 ≤ dT ≤ 10000 mm
f'isT, F'isT: 5 ≤ dT ≤ 2500 mm
FbT: 5 ≤ dT ≤ 4000 mm; 4 ≤ b ≤ 1000 mm

11.29 System of accuracy ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-A06

Possible Range of input values
Accuracy grades C4 through C12

0.2 ≤ mn ≤  5
2 ≤ d ≤ 1000 mm
3 ≤ z ≤ 1000
β ≤ 45°
FrT: 0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50; 5 ≤ d ≤ 12000 mm

11.31 System of accuracy ISO 1328 - Part 2

Possible ranges of imputs for f''I and F''i:
Accuracy grade Q: 4-12
Modul mn: 0.2-10
Diameter d: 5-1000
Facewidth b: 4-1000

Force conditions (forces acting on the toothing). [12]

Loaded gearing creates forces which are transferred to the machine structure. Knowledge of these forces is quite essential for correct dimensioning of the equipment. Orientation of the forces is shown in the illustration, the amount of forces is given in this paragraph [12.1 to 12.4]

12.5 Bending moment.

Helical gearing creates an additional bending moment which must be taken into account when designing the shaft.

12.6 Peripheral speed on the pitch diameter.

This is another important qualitative parameter which affects the desired accuracy of the gearing [2.6] and the manner of lubrication (Lubrication of gears). The maximum recommended speed for the chosen degree of accuracy is shown in the green cell on the right.

12.7 Specific load / Unit load.

This is another qualitative index which is used for calculation of the "Coefficient of fluctuations in loading of the teeth".

Parameters of the chosen material. [13]

This paragraph lists material characteristics of the pinion and gear materials.

Tip: Your own material values can be entered in the sheet "Material".
Tip: In paragraph [19.0] you can simply define your own material (ISO 6336-5:2006 / ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04) and add it to the table of materials.

Calculation of gearing for the given axis distance. [14]

In most cases, the axis distance of the pinion and the gear is not a result of calculation of the toothing, but is one of the input parameters which must be followed. The axis distance is often chosen in a standardized series. The desired axis distance can also be achieved in two ways, namely by:

  1. Suitable setting of corrections (a displacement of the production tool) - more common way.
  2. Suitable setting of the helix angle - less common way.
Procedure:
  1. In row 14.1 enter the desired axis distance which has to be achieved (left column). Information on the actual axis distance is to the right of the input cell. Standardized values are given in the selection list (on the right). After selection of a value, this value is added to the input field on the left automatically.
  2. In the table of designed solutions [14.2] select the one which best meets your requirements. The table contains 9 various combinations of numbers of teeth and pinion. In case you are not sure how to use the best alternative, use design no. 5 in the middle of the table.
    ID Serial number
    z1/N1 Number of teeth of the pinion
    z2/N2 Number of teeth of the gear
    i Transmission ratio
    b Helix angle
    S x Sum of addendum modification coefficients
  3. Decide how to achieve the desired axis distances:
    A...By a change to the addendum modification coefficient -
    in the table of distribution of corrections to the pinion and the gear [14.6] choose the way how the total correction (x1 + x2) will be distributed. In case you do not know this, choose a distribution according to the transmission ratio. This distribution can be changed using the slider [5.4] in the paragraph "Correction of gearing" whenever you wish. Press the button "OK" in row [14.11]. This transfers the results of this auxiliary calculation to the main calculation.
    B...By a change in the helix angle - Press the button "OK" in row [14.15].
Tip1:For calculation of the designed solutions in table [14.2] the information from the main calculation is used as input information. This includes the angle alpha [4.2], angle beta [4.3] and normal module [4.6]. Therefore, in case you are not satisfied with the table of designed solutions, also change these input values.
Tip2:In case you are not forced (due to constructional reasons) to use a certain axis distance and wish to use a standardized value only, it is advisable to perform a common design (including a strength check) and then use the next higher standardized value of the axis distance.

Gear rack calculation

In this case, the axial distance influences only setting of a pinion addendum modification coefficient (x2 = 0 for the rack). The current axial distance aw and the axial distance range that may be obtained by changing x1 are mentioned on the line [14.1].

Set the axial distance on the line [14.2]. Press the button "->x1" to change the addendum modification coefficient of the pinion.

Caution: If the required axial distance is out of range (red number), the calculation will not be started.

Power, warming-up, gearbox surface. [15]

This paragraph enables an orientation calculation of the lost heat and gearbox surface necessary for dissipation of this heat.For purposes of the calculation, fill in the first three input parameters:

15.1 Ambient air temperature.

15.2 Maximum oil temperature.

Temperature of the oil in the gearbox should be in a range from 50 to 80 °C; a lower temperature should be found in smaller modules. More exact determination of temperature depends on the chosen construction and used materials. Higher temperatures bring a danger of lower backlash and the gearing could seize.

15.3 Coefficient of heat dissipation.

This depends on the construction and ambient environment of the gearbox. Initially, it is possible to choose:
for ISO:

for ANSI:

15.4 Power losses.

This depends on the total transferred power and efficiency of the gearing.

15.5 Gearbox surface.

This parameter gives the minimum surface of the gearbox necessary for dissipation of power losses and maintaining the desired oil temperature.

Preliminary design of shaft diameters (steel). [16]

This paragraph gives designs of shaft diameters (steel) which correspond to the desired loading (transferred power, speed). These values are orientation values only; it is advisable to use a more exact calculation for the final design.

Approximate module calculation from the existing gear. [17]

In practice, you face quite frequently a situation where the toothing is unknown and it is necessary to calculate its parameters (competition comparison, production of a spare gear, etc.). Therefore, this provides a simple tool to facilitate the primary calculation of the basic parameter - module.

The procedure with identification.
  1. Calculate, measure and enter parameters for rows 17.1 to 17.4. If the number of teeth is even (gear A), the parameter with [17.3] is equal to zero; in case of an odd number of teeth (gear B), measure the distance between the edges of two neighboring teeth with [16.3]. You obtain a normal module.
  2. Go back to the basic calculation, enter these values in paragraph [4] and examine the calculation. Then measure as many values on the real gearing as possible and compare them with the calculation results. In case the parameters of the calculated and measured gear are different, change inputs of the calculation including corrections [5].

List of possible compared and measured parameters

It is obvious that the mentioned procedure needs certain skills and experience, nevertheless, in case of common gearing, where production using common standardized tools and procedures can be assumed, this procedure leads to quite reasonable results.

Auxiliary calculations, Calculation KHbeta, calculation YSg. [18]

Auxiliary calculations are available in this paragraph. When entering values, use the same units as in the main calculation. To transfer the entered and calculated values to the main calculation, press the button "OK".

The KHb and YSg calculation is described below.

18.4 Definition of the factor KHbeta (method C)

The KHb calculation consists of the sequence of several steps

1) Calculation of fsh = f(Fm, dsh, K', l, s, b1, d1)
2) Calculation of fma = f(fHb1 , fHb2) ... [11.29]
The fsh and fma values (or fsh2, fca, fbe) are used to calculate the value of Fbx
3) Calculation of Fbx = f(fsh, fma, fsh2, fca, fbe, B1, B2)
4) Calculation of yb = f(Fbx, sHlim)
5) Calculation of Fby = f(Fbx, yb)
6) Calculation of KHb = f(Fby, Fm, cgb, b)

The range of coefficients may be specified using several methods and the designed / checked gearing must be well understood. Press "Default setting" for the basic design. By doing this, the calculation will be set to the basic conditions as follows.

- [18.8] ... set according to the selection of [2.5]
- [18.9, 18.10] ... dimensions estimated from the gearing size and setting of [18.8]
- [18.16, 18.17] ... set according to the selected degree of accuracy [2.6]

Then you can gradually enter and set up the parameter that are known or can be estimated.

You can enter your own values after checking the check box next to the relevant input.

Note: It is recommended to understand ISO6336:1(2006) for a qualified calculation.

18.6 Shaft diameter (pinion)

It is a pre-selected value based on the root diameter of the pinion and the minimum shaft diameter [8.4]. If you know the shaft diameter, check the radio button and enter your own value.

18.7 Gear type

Select the type of gearing.

18.8 Constant of the pinion position

Select a relevant pinion mounting from the list, see the picture. Pre-set according to [2.5].

18.9 Pitch of bearings, Center of pinion distance

The "l" and "s" values are preliminarily derived from the wheel width and from the selected mounting of the gearing [18.8]. After checking the radio button, you can enter your own values.

18.11 - 18.15 Toothing tolerances

The values of fsh, fsh2, fma, fca, and fbe describe deformations of the toothed wheels, wheel tolerances, and mounting tolerances. The values of fsh2, fca and fbe are not considered in this calculation and they can be zero unless you solve a complete equation to calculate Fbx  [18.17]. The values of fsh and fma may be directly entered, or the values calculated based on the parameters on the previous lines may be used.

18.16 Helix modification

Select the apropriate modification of the tooth slope from the list. See ISO6336:1(2006) for more details.

18.17 Initial equivalent misalignment (before running-in)

Select the Fbx calculation from the list.

1. Proper value
2. Gear pairs of which the size and suitability of the contact pattern are not proven and the bearing pattern under load is imperfect
3. Gear pairs with verification of the favourable position of the contact pattern (e.g. by modification of the teeth or adjustment of bearings)
4. When, apart from pinion body and pinion shaft deformations, those of the wheel / wheel shaft and the gear case and also the displacements of the bearings.

18.20 Face load factor (contact stress)

Press "OK" button to return back to the paragraph [9.0]. At the same time, the KHb calculation is set up in the calculation of the coefficients in accordance with ISO6336.

18.21 Stress correction factor for gears with notches in fillets YSg

The toothed wheel notch (e.g. ground notch in the tooth root transition near the critical cross-section) usually increase the stress concentration caused by the root transition; therefore the stress concentration coefficient is higher accordingly. If the notch is located near the critical cross-section, the coefficient YSg is used instead of YS.

Fill in the notch parameters, see the picture. By pressing the "OK" button, you return to the paragraph [9.0] and the YS coefficient is substituted by YSg.

 

Calculation of SHlim and SFlim based on ISO 6336-5 (sac a sat AGMA), proposal of material properties.  [19]

19.1 Material type

The material type for which you want to determine the material properties can be selected from the list.

19.3 Requirements for material quality and heat treatment

The relations used are specified for three levels of the material quality - ML, MQ and ME.

- ML represents the weakest material quality and its heat treatment process requirements during the toothed wheel manufacturing.
- MQ represents requirements that may be satisfied by a skilled manufacturer with reasonable production costs.
- ME represents requirements that must be satisfied to achieve a high operational reliability.

(See the description in the standard for the AGMA grades 1-3.)

19.4 Surface hardness of calculated material (hardness range from - to)

Enter the surface hardness. The material parameters are determined by its type and hardness. At the end of the line you can find the hardness range for which the parameter calculations are applicable. The hardness may be entered in various units (HV, HB and HRC).

19.18 Abbreviation for material designation / Type of heat treatment (ANSI/AGMA)

If you enter your own material values and you will add the material in the table of materials, select the correct marking heat treatment method acc. To ANSI/AGMA). This marking will be used to choose some of the coefficients in the strength calculation.

19.19 Material name in the material table

If the radio button on the line [19.5] is checked, it is possible to enter the own material description that will be mentioned in the table of materials and will be used for the material selection in the paragraph [2.0].

19.20 Transfer to a table of materials, to line number:

Select one of the 5 lines intended for the user defined materials from the list. When the values are transferred, the original content in the table of materials will be overwritten without any caution.

Tip: If the radio button on the line [19.5] is checked, you can enter your own material properties and transfer them in the table of materials.

Lubrication of gears.

Use the following table for your decision on the manner of lubrication of the gearing.

Type of lubrication Peripheral speed in
[m/s] [ft/min]
Oil-bath lubrication < 12 < 2400
Pressure spray lubrication > 12 > 2400
Oil-mist lubrication > 60 > 12000

Graphic output, CAD systems.

Information on options of 2D and 3D graphic outputs and information on cooperation with 2D and 3D CAD systems can be found in the document "Graphic output, CAD systems".

Graphic output, CAD systems

1. In the "Output of a 2D drawing into" list, choose the target CAD system (target application) to which the picture should be generated, or a "DXF File" to convert the drawing into a .DXF file.

2. In the "Scale of 2D drawing" list, set up the drawing scale. The drawing is always created in the scale 1:1. The scale allows you to set only certain parameters of the drawing, such as the size of the text or overlapping of the axes.

3. If necessary, set up another control elements as well. Most calculations also include other setting options, which depend on the calculation and type of the plotted object. Explanation of these supplementary options can be found in the help for the respective calculation.

4. Start plotting using the button with the icon of the desired drawing.

Hint: In most cases, it is quite sufficient to choose the "Automatic" scale, which is set up with regards to the size of the plotted objects.
Note1: The CAD system (target application) must be started before generating the drawing. If it is not started or if an error appears in communication between the calculation and the target program, it is possible to save the drawing as a file in .DXF format.
Note2: If you use the local language setting of your keyboard, use the same keyboard setting in the calculation and in the target program as well (for trouble-free communication using the "SendKeys" command).

Supplements - This calculation:

Angle a.

The angle sets rotation of the drawing of the gearing by the defined angle from the horizontal axis (illustration - see the button).

Angle b, beveling of the gearing.

These parameters set beveling of the gear according to the illustration.

20.4 Detailed drawing of tooth and wheel.

Besides standard display which is used in drawings of assemblies and details, it is also possible to draw a detailed image of the tooth, detail of entire wheel, drawing of wheel engagement and drawing of the tool. Tooth flank is calculated from the simulation of the tool bite with the machined wheel which enables determining the exact tooth shape including the tooth flank. A detailed drawing of the whole wheel can be used as a document for manufacturing an accurate model in 3D CAD system, or as input data for manufacturing the wheel.

The table on sheet "Coordinates" gives the coordinates of points on the right side of the tooth line (both pinion and wheel) in the system of X,Y coordinates with point 0,0 in the wheel centre. In order to recalculate and generate the current coordinates according to the settings from paragraph [20] press button "Refresh".

Principle of calculation (generation) of tooth line:

Production tool (B) with dimensions defined in paragraph [3] is gradually rolled away along the circle (C) with step of angle W and thus creates the tooth line (A) in individual points (2).

20.5 Number of drawn teeth

Specify the number of teeth which shall be drawn in partial drafting. Pinion teeth are drawn in upward direction, wheel teeth in downward direction, always symmetrically along the vertical axis. In the picture, 3 teeth are set for the pinion (lower wheel) and 4 teeth for the wheel.

20.6 Number of points of tooth tip

Define the number of points (sections) on the tooth tip, see picture [20.4], reference (1).
Range of permitted values: <2 - 50>, recommended: 5

20.7 Number of points of tooth flank

Define the number of points (sections) which form a complete tooth flank, see picture [20.4], reference (2).
Range of permitted values: <10 - 500>, recommended: 30 and more

Warning: If a larger number of teeth is chosen, the drawing of complete toothing may be quite big and generation may even take several dozens of seconds.

20.8 Rolling (turning) of a tool between the bite

It defines the increment of angle for rolling (turning) of the tool during machining of the tooth flank see picture [20.4], angle W.
Extent of permitted values: <0.02 - 10>, recommended: 0.5

20.9 Number of tooth copies during bite check

External toothing

Defines how many positions during the drawing of tooth engagement will be displayed.
Extent of permitted values: <3 - 100>, recommended: 20

Internal toothing.

As it is necessary and appropriate to check tooth engagement as well as potential collisions of teeth for internal toothing, the drawing of complete engagement of outer as well as inner gear is generated for internal toothing. In this case, number of copies of teeth during the check of engagement [20.9] specifies number of pinion copies.

20.10 Turning of pinion during engagement check (internal gear).

Gives turning of the pinion between individual copies of the pinion which are generated during the check of engagement.

Switch "Drawing without axes" defines if the axes will be removed in the inserted drawing.

Hint: If you need to create an accurate model of toothing in 3D CAD system, proceed as follows:
  1. Generate complete toothing profile in .dxf file.
  2. Use the .dxf file as a base for toothing profile (different procedure for individual CAD systems).
  3. Stretch the profile to required size.

Example of 3D model

 

Warning: If you want to simulate helical toothing ( b > 0), it is necessary to set the respective angle and stretch the generated profile in CAD system together with setting the lead angle.

20.10 / 20.11 Text description (Information for BOM).

Locate the text description in the 2D drawing by pressing the button “Draw”. The text can be edited after the tick off box has been activated.
If it is supported by the respective module for entering models into a 3D CAD system, the contents of individual rows is entered into user attributes of the model and these can be used when generating a BOM. (Details can be found in Help for connection to the respective 3D CAD system.)

20.11 / 20.12 Table of parameters.

A series of calculations (gearing, springs, etc.) enables entering of the respective table with text information on the calculated object into the drawing. The table can be selected from the respective list (in case the calculation enables more types to be entered). Drawing of the table can be activated by pressing the button “Draw a table”.

20.12 Generation of the basis for the 3D models (External).

The option to generate the profile of the gear wheel as a sequence of line sections (DXF) is expanded with the option to generate the directrices, which define the sides of the tooth and thus allow creation of the smooth (extrapolated) curve in the corresponding CAD system. This allows the creation of non-parametric but precision 3D models of the gearing.

The creation of a precision model thus consists of three simple operations.

  1. 1. Creating a wheel without gearing – cylinder with dimensions da1/da2 (DO1/DO2).
  2. 2. Downloading the profile of the gear pitch and its extraction along the wheel axis (with rotation for bevel gearing).
  3. 3. Generating a rotary field of gaps and thereby creating of a precision gear wheel.

General procedure:

  1. 1. In the CAD system, create a cylinder of diameter da (outer wheel diameter) with a rotary axis identical to the z-axis (not necessary for some CAD systems).
  2. 2. Generate the profile of the selected wheel in the calculation (button).
  3. 3. Insert the profile of the generated tooth gap in the face of the cylinder into the model.
  4. 4. In the case of spur gearing (beta = 0), only extract (deduct) the embedded profile from the wheel cylinder.
  5. 5. In the case of bevel gearing (beta > 0), it is necessary to extract with rotation around the cylinder axis. Various CAD systems have different procedures for this operation.
    Mostly the required pitch is - height of the imaginary cylinder, on which one rotation is just being accomplished [20.22].
  6. 6. Create rotary fields around the z-axis from the gap between the teeth (number of copies = number of teeth).
  7. 7. For positioning of the wheels in the system, use axial distance aw (Cw) [20.20].

20.13 Nominal design pressure angle drive side / coast side.

For the majority of spur gearings, it is sufficient to have a contact angle that is identical for the engaging and non-engaging sides. However, it may be suitable to select a different contact angle for some applications. After ticking the button on the right, you can enter different contact angles for each side of the tooth.

Note: The choice affects on the generated wheel model.

20.14 Number of points of tooth flank.

It states how many points will be generated to define the tooth side curve. Normally, the suitable value is 20. For special cases (limitations of the CAD system, precision, etc.) it is possible to use values 12 to 200.

Caution: The calculation internally adds several points in such a manner that the created involute exceeds the outer diameter.

20.15 Add a profile superstructure.

Above the generated profile of the gap between the teeth, another piece is added, which can be suitable for better selection of the curves, or whose presence is necessary to correctly interpret the curves.

20.16 The number of curvature angle points of the superstructure.

It states the number of points to be used for the curvature of the connection and end of the superstructure. In most cases, five is sufficient.

20.17 Close the generated profile.

Some CAD systems require a closed profile, while some require a profile that is manually opened or closed. The switch connects/disconnects the first and last points of the profile.

20.18 Output of curves generated to the format.

Various CAD systems support importing points that form the curves in various formats. The following formats are available:

  • XLSX – the field of the points comprises an *.xlsx or *.xls file format file, which in one line contains the coordinates of one point, whereas the coordinates x,y, and z are in columns A,B, and C (Inventor and others)
  • TXT – the field of points comprises a text file, which in each line contains the coordinates x,y, and z separated by a space
  • CSV – the field of points comprises a text file, which in each line contains the coordinates x,y, and z in brackets and separated by a comma
  • DXF – the points field comprises the sequence of related line segments (beginning, end) in DXF format
  • SLDCRV – format for SOLIDWORKS (text format, dot decimal separator, numbers separated by a space)
  • IBL – format for Creo (text format, dot decimal separator, numbers separated by a space, text definition of the curves)

20.19 Marking of the points on the tooth curve (only dxf).

It inserts a small circle into each point of the curve. Suitable in a case where the CAD system is capable of downloading only the DXF format and it is necessary to create a profile manually, point by point.

20.22 The pitch in the z-coordinate for the 3D model.

The height of the imaginary cylinder (pitch diameter) on which one rotation is accomplished. Mostly, this data item must be entered for rotation with extension in 3D CAD.

20.23 Summary list of parameters.

The parameters of the gearing that fully define the geometry and important dimensions are entered in short form in the line.

Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the document "Setting calculations, change the language".

Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the document "Workbook (calculation) modifications".

Supplements - This calculation:

Material list - Method of heat treatment
1...Non-treated thermally, annealed normalizationally
2...Upgraded
3...Cemented, hardened, surface hardened
4...Nitrided

List of Standards, literature list:

ISO 6336-1:2006
- Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 1: Basic principles, introduction and general influence factors
- Calcul de la capacité de charge des engrenages cylindriques a dentures droite et hélicoidale - Partie 1: Principles de base, introduction et facteurs généraux d'influence
- Výpočet únosnosti čelních ozubenych kol s přímými a šikmými zuby - Část 1: Základní principy, doporučení a obecné ovlivfňující faktory

ISO 6336-2:2006
- Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 2: Calculation of surface durability (pitting)
- Calcul de Ia capacité de charge des engrenages cylindriques à dentures droite et hélicoidale - Partie 2: Calcul de la résistance à la pression de contact (piqure)
- Výpočet únosnosti čelních ozubených kol s přímými a šikmými zuby - Část 2: Výpočet trvanlivosti povrchu (pitting)

ISO 6336-3:2006
- Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 3: Calculation of tooth bending strength
- Calcul de la capacité de charge des engrenages cylindriques à dentures droite et hélicoïdale - Partie 3: Calcul de la résistance à la flexion en pied de dent
- Výpočet únosnosti čelních ozubených kol s přímými a šikmými zuby - Část 3: Výpočet pevnosti v ohybu zubu

ISO 6336-5:2003
- Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears – Part 5: Strength and quality of materials
- Calcul de la capacité de charge des engrenages cylindriques à dentures droite et hélicoïdale – Partie 5: Résistance et qualité des matériaux
- Výpočet únosnosti čelních ozubených kol s přímými a šikmými zuby – Část 5: Údaje o pevnosti a kvalitě materiálů

ISO 1265
- Metalic materials - Conversion of hardness values
- Matériaux métalliques - Conversion des valeurs de dureté
- Metallische Werkstoffe - Umwertung von Hartewerten
- Kovové materiály - Převod hodnot tvrdosti

ISO 1328-1:1997
- Cylindrical gears - ISO system of accuracy - Part 1: Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth
- Engrenages cylindriques - Systéme ISO de precision - Partie 1: Définions et valeurs admissibles des écarts pour les flanc homologues de la denture
- Toleranzensystem ISO - Teil 1: Toleranzen fur Flankenlinienabweichungen
- Čelní ozubená kola - Soustava přesnosti ISO - Část 1: Definice a mezní úchylky vztažené na stejnolehlé boky zubů ozubeného kola.

ISO 1328-2:1997
-
Cylindrical gears - ISO system of accuracy Part 2: Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to radial composite deviations and runout information
- Engrenages cyindriques - Systéme ISO de precision Partie 2: Definitions et valeurs admissibles des ecarts composés radiaux et information sur le faux-rond
- Čelní ozubená kola - Soustava přesnosti ISO - Část 2: Definice a hodnoty dovolenych úchylek relevantní k radiálním kinematickým úchylkám a informativně k obvodovému házení.

ISO 1122-1:1998
- Vocabulary of gear terms - Part 1: Definitions related to geometry
- Vocabulaire des engrenages - Partie 1: Définitions géométriques
- Slovník termínů ozubení - Část 1: Definice vztahující se ke geometrii

ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth

AGMA 908-B89
Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth

ANSI/AGMA 2015- 1-A01
Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears

ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-A06
Accuracy Classification System - Radial Measurements for Cylindrical Gears